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Text File  |  1995-07-25  |  41KB  |  727 lines

  1.  
  2.  
  3.  
  4.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  5.  
  6.  
  7.  
  8.      NNNNAAAAMMMMEEEE
  9.           geqn - format equations for troff
  10.  
  11.      SSSSYYYYNNNNOOOOPPPPSSSSIIIISSSS
  12.           ggggeeeeqqqqnnnn [ ----rrrrvvvvCCCCNNNNRRRR ] [ ----dddd_c_c ] [ ----TTTT_n_a_m_e ] [ ----MMMM_d_i_r ] [ ----ffff_F ] [ ----ssss_n
  13.           ] [ ----pppp_n ] [ ----mmmm_n ] [ _f_i_l_e_s...  ]
  14.  
  15.      DDDDEEEESSSSCCCCRRRRIIIIPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNN
  16.           This manual page describes the GNU version of eeeeqqqqnnnn, which is
  17.           part of the groff document formatting system.  eeeeqqqqnnnn compiles
  18.           descriptions of equations embedded within ttttrrrrooooffffffff input files
  19.           into commands that are understood by ttttrrrrooooffffffff.  Normally, it
  20.           should be invoked using the ----eeee option of ggggrrrrooooffffffff.  The syntax
  21.           is quite compatible with Unix eqn.  The output of GNU eqn
  22.           cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed
  23.           with GNU troff.  If no files are given on the command line,
  24.           the standard input will be read.  A filename of ---- will cause
  25.           the standard input to be read.
  26.  
  27.           eeeeqqqqnnnn searches for the file eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc using the path
  28.           ....::::////uuuussssrrrr////llllooooccccaaaallll////lllliiiibbbb////ggggrrrrooooffffffff////ttttmmmmaaaacccc::::////uuuussssrrrr////lllliiiibbbb////ttttmmmmaaaacccc.  If it exists,
  29.           eqn will process it before the other input files.  The ----RRRR
  30.           option prevents this.
  31.  
  32.           GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does
  33.           not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices
  34.           (although it may work adequately for very simple input).
  35.  
  36.      OOOOPPPPTTTTIIIIOOOONNNNSSSS
  37.           ----CCCC   Recognize ....EEEEQQQQ and ....EEEENNNN even when followed by a character
  38.                other than space or newline.
  39.  
  40.           ----NNNN   Don't allow newlines within delimiters.  This option
  41.                allows eeeeqqqqnnnn to recover better from missing closing
  42.                delimiters.
  43.  
  44.           ----vvvv   Print the version number.
  45.  
  46.           ----rrrr   Only one size reduction.
  47.  
  48.           ----mmmm_n  The minimum point-size is _n.  eqn will not reduce the
  49.                size of subscripts or superscripts to a smaller size
  50.                than _n.
  51.  
  52.           ----TTTT_n_a_m_e
  53.                The output is for device _n_a_m_e.  The only effect of this
  54.                is to define a macro _n_a_m_e with a value of 1111.  Typically
  55.                eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc will use this to provide definitions appropriate
  56.                for the output device.  The default output device is
  57.                ppppssss.
  58.  
  59.           ----MMMM_d_i_r
  60.  
  61.  
  62.  
  63.      Page 1                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  64.  
  65.  
  66.  
  67.  
  68.  
  69.  
  70.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  71.  
  72.  
  73.  
  74.                Search _d_i_r for eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc before the default directories.
  75.  
  76.           ----RRRR   Don't load eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc.
  77.  
  78.           ----ffff_F  This is equivalent to a ggggffffoooonnnntttt _F command.
  79.  
  80.           ----ssss_n  This is equivalent to a ggggssssiiiizzzzeeee _n command.  This option
  81.                is deprecated.  eqn will normally set equations at
  82.                whatever the current point size is when the equation is
  83.                encountered.
  84.  
  85.           ----pppp_n  This says that subscripts and superscripts should be _n
  86.                points smaller than the surrounding text.  This option
  87.                is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets subscripts and
  88.                superscripts at 70% of the size of the surrounding
  89.                text.
  90.  
  91.      UUUUSSSSAAAAGGGGEEEE
  92.           Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are
  93.           described here.
  94.  
  95.           Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TEX.  There
  96.           are some references to the differences between TEX and GNU
  97.           eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know
  98.           TEX.
  99.  
  100.         AAAAuuuuttttoooommmmaaaattttiiiicccc ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg
  101.           eeeeqqqqnnnn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts
  102.           the spacing between components using that type.  Possible
  103.           types are:
  104.  
  105.           ordinary     an ordinary character such as 1 or _x;
  106.  
  107.           operator     a large operator such as R;
  108.  
  109.           binary       a binary operator such as +;
  110.  
  111.           relation     a relation such as =;
  112.  
  113.           opening      a opening bracket such as (;
  114.  
  115.           closing      a closing bracket such as );
  116.  
  117.           punctuation  a punctuation character such as ,;
  118.  
  119.           inner        a subformula contained within brackets;
  120.  
  121.           suppress     spacing that suppresses automatic spacing
  122.                        adjustment.
  123.  
  124.           Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways.
  125.  
  126.  
  127.  
  128.  
  129.      Page 2                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  130.  
  131.  
  132.  
  133.  
  134.  
  135.  
  136.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  137.  
  138.  
  139.  
  140.           ttttyyyyppppeeee _t _e
  141.                This yields an equation component that contains _e but
  142.                that has type _t, where _t is one of the types mentioned
  143.                above.  For example, ttttiiiimmmmeeeessss is defined as
  144.  
  145.                     ttttyyyyppppeeee """"bbbbiiiinnnnaaaarrrryyyy"""" \\\\((((mmmmuuuu
  146.  
  147.                The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but
  148.                quoting protects from macro expansion.
  149.  
  150.           cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee _t _t_e_x_t
  151.                Unquoted groups of characters are split up into
  152.                individual characters, and the type of each character
  153.                is looked up; this changes the type that is stored for
  154.                each character; it says that the characters in _t_e_x_t
  155.                from now on have type _t.  For example,
  156.  
  157.                     cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee """"ppppuuuunnnnccccttttuuuuaaaattttiiiioooonnnn"""" ....,,,,;;;;::::
  158.  
  159.                would make the characters ....,,,,;;;;:::: have type punctuation
  160.                whenever they subsequently appeared in an equation.
  161.                The type _t can also be lllleeeetttttttteeeerrrr or ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt; in these cases
  162.                cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee changes the font type of the characters.  See
  163.                the Fonts subsection.
  164.  
  165.         NNNNeeeewwww pppprrrriiiimmmmiiiittttiiiivvvveeeessss
  166.           _e_1 ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr _e_2
  167.                This is similar to oooovvvveeeerrrr; ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr reduces the size of
  168.                _e_1 and _e_2; it also puts less vertical space between _e_1
  169.                or _e_2 and the fraction bar.  The oooovvvveeeerrrr primitive
  170.                corresponds to the TEX \\\\oooovvvveeeerrrr primitive in display
  171.                styles; ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr corresponds to \\\\oooovvvveeeerrrr in non-display
  172.                styles.
  173.  
  174.           vvvvcccceeeennnntttteeeerrrr _e
  175.                This vertically centers _e about the math axis.  The
  176.                math axis is the vertical position about which
  177.                characters such as + and - are centered; also it is the
  178.                vertical position used for the bar of fractions.  For
  179.                example, ssssuuuummmm is defined as
  180.  
  181.                     {{{{ ttttyyyyppppeeee """"ooooppppeeeerrrraaaattttoooorrrr"""" vvvvcccceeeennnntttteeeerrrr ssssiiiizzzzeeee ++++5555 \\\\((((****SSSS }}}}
  182.  
  183.           _e_1 aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt _e_2
  184.                This sets _e_2 as an accent over _e_1.  _e_2 is assumed to be
  185.                at the correct height for a lowercase letter; _e_2 will
  186.                be moved down according if _e_1 is taller or shorter than
  187.                a lowercase letter.  For example, hhhhaaaatttt is defined as
  188.  
  189.                     aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt {{{{ """"^^^^"""" }}}}
  190.  
  191.                ddddoooottttddddooootttt, ddddooootttt, ttttiiiillllddddeeee, vvvveeeecccc and ddddyyyyaaaadddd are also defined using
  192.  
  193.  
  194.  
  195.      Page 3                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  196.  
  197.  
  198.  
  199.  
  200.  
  201.  
  202.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  203.  
  204.  
  205.  
  206.                the aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt primitive.
  207.  
  208.           _e_1 uuuuaaaacccccccceeeennnntttt _e_2
  209.                This sets _e_2 as an accent under _e_1.  _e_2 is assumed to
  210.                be at the correct height for a character without a
  211.                descender; _e_2 will be moved down if _e_1 has a descender.
  212.                uuuuttttiiiillllddddeeee is pre-defined using uuuuaaaacccccccceeeennnntttt as a tilde accent
  213.                below the baseline.
  214.  
  215.           sssspppplllliiiitttt """"_t_e_x_t""""
  216.                This has the same effect as simply
  217.  
  218.                     _t_e_x_t
  219.  
  220.                but _t_e_x_t is not subject to macro expansion because it
  221.                is quoted; _t_e_x_t will be split up and the spacing
  222.                between individual characters will be adjusted.
  223.  
  224.           nnnnoooosssspppplllliiiitttt _t_e_x_t
  225.                This has the same effect as
  226.  
  227.                     """"_t_e_x_t""""
  228.  
  229.                but because _t_e_x_t is not quoted it will be subject to
  230.                macro expansion; _t_e_x_t will not be split up and the
  231.                spacing between individual characters will not be
  232.                adjusted.
  233.  
  234.           _e oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee
  235.                This is a variant of pppprrrriiiimmmmeeee that acts as an operator on
  236.                _e.  It produces a different result from pppprrrriiiimmmmeeee in a case
  237.                such as AAAA oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee ssssuuuubbbb 1111: with oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee the 1111 will be
  238.                tucked under the prime as a subscript to the AAAA (as is
  239.                conventional in mathematical typesetting), whereas with
  240.                pppprrrriiiimmmmeeee the 1111 will be a subscript to the prime character.
  241.                The precedence of oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee is the same as that of bbbbaaaarrrr
  242.                and uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr, which is higher than that of everything
  243.                except aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt and uuuuaaaacccccccceeeennnntttt.  In unquoted text a '''' that
  244.                is not the first character will be treated like
  245.                oooopppppppprrrriiiimmmmeeee.
  246.  
  247.           ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll _t_e_x_t _e
  248.                This constructs a new object from _e using a ggggttttrrrrooooffffffff(1)
  249.                macro named _t_e_x_t.  When the macro is called, the string
  250.                0000ssss will contain the output for _e, and the number
  251.                registers 0000wwww, 0000hhhh, 0000dddd, 0000sssskkkkeeeerrrrnnnn and 0000sssskkkkeeeewwww will contain the
  252.                width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of _e.
  253.                (The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t _k_e_r_n of an object says how much a
  254.                subscript on that object should be tucked in; the _s_k_e_w
  255.                of an object says how far to the right of the center of
  256.                the object an accent over the object should be placed.)
  257.                The macro must modify 0000ssss so that it will output the
  258.  
  259.  
  260.  
  261.      Page 4                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  262.  
  263.  
  264.  
  265.  
  266.  
  267.  
  268.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  269.  
  270.  
  271.  
  272.                desired result with its origin at the current point,
  273.                and increase the current horizontal position by the
  274.                width of the object.  The number registers must also be
  275.                modified so that they correspond to the result.
  276.  
  277.                For example, suppose you wanted a construct that
  278.                `cancels' an expression by drawing a diagonal line
  279.                through it.
  280.  
  281.  
  282.                     ....EEEEQQQQ
  283.                     ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee ccccaaaannnncccceeeellll ''''ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll CCCCaaaa''''
  284.                     ....EEEENNNN
  285.                     ....ddddeeee CCCCaaaa
  286.                     ....ddddssss 0000ssss \\\\ZZZZ''''\\\\\\\\****((((0000ssss''''\\\\vvvv''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu''''\\\\DDDD''''llll \\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu ----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu''''\\\\vvvv''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu''''
  287.                     ........
  288.  
  289.                Then you could cancel an expression _e with ccccaaaannnncccceeeellll {{{{ _e }}}}
  290.  
  291.                Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box
  292.                round an expression:
  293.  
  294.  
  295.                     ....EEEEQQQQ
  296.                     ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee bbbbooooxxxx ''''ssssppppeeeecccciiiiaaaallll BBBBxxxx''''
  297.                     ....EEEENNNN
  298.                     ....ddddeeee BBBBxxxx
  299.                     ....ddddssss 0000ssss \\\\ZZZZ''''\\\\hhhh''''1111nnnn''''\\\\\\\\****((((0000ssss''''\\\\
  300.                     \\\\ZZZZ''''\\\\vvvv''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu++++1111nnnn''''\\\\DDDD''''llll \\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu++++2222nnnn 0000''''\\\\DDDD''''llll 0000 ----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu----2222nnnn''''\\\\
  301.                     \\\\DDDD''''llll ----\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu----2222nnnn 0000''''\\\\DDDD''''llll 0000 \\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000hhhhuuuu++++\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000dddduuuu++++2222nnnn''''''''\\\\hhhh''''\\\\\\\\nnnn((((0000wwwwuuuu++++2222nnnn''''
  302.                     ....nnnnrrrr 0000wwww ++++2222nnnn
  303.                     ....nnnnrrrr 0000dddd ++++1111nnnn
  304.                     ....nnnnrrrr 0000hhhh ++++1111nnnn
  305.                     ........
  306.  
  307.         CCCCuuuussssttttoooommmmiiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
  308.           The appearance of equations is controlled by a large number
  309.           of parameters. These can be set using the sssseeeetttt command.
  310.  
  311.           sssseeeetttt _p _n
  312.                This sets parameter _p to value _n ; _n is an integer.
  313.                For example,
  314.  
  315.                     sssseeeetttt xxxx____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt 44445555
  316.  
  317.                says that eeeeqqqqnnnn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems.
  318.  
  319.                Possible parameters are as follows.  Values are in
  320.                units of hundredths of an em unless otherwise stated.
  321.                These descriptions are intended to be expository rather
  322.                than definitive.
  323.  
  324.  
  325.  
  326.  
  327.      Page 5                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  328.  
  329.  
  330.  
  331.  
  332.  
  333.  
  334.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  335.  
  336.  
  337.  
  338.                mmmmiiiinnnniiiimmmmuuuummmm____ssssiiiizzzzeeee            eeeeqqqqnnnn will not set anything at a
  339.                                        smaller point-size than this.
  340.                                        The value is in points.
  341.  
  342.                ffffaaaatttt____ooooffffffffsssseeeetttt              The ffffaaaatttt primitive emboldens an
  343.                                        equation by overprinting two
  344.                                        copies of the equation
  345.                                        horizontally offset by this
  346.                                        amount.
  347.  
  348.                oooovvvveeeerrrr____hhhhaaaannnngggg               A fraction bar will be longer
  349.                                        by twice this amount than the
  350.                                        maximum of the widths of the
  351.                                        numerator and denominator; in
  352.                                        other words, it will overhang
  353.                                        the numerator and denominator
  354.                                        by at least this amount.
  355.  
  356.                aaaacccccccceeeennnntttt____wwwwiiiiddddtttthhhh            When bbbbaaaarrrr or uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr is applied to
  357.                                        a single character, the line
  358.                                        will be this long.  Normally,
  359.                                        bbbbaaaarrrr or uuuunnnnddddeeeerrrr produces a line
  360.                                        whose length is the width of
  361.                                        the object to which it applies;
  362.                                        in the case of a single
  363.                                        character, this tends to
  364.                                        produce a line that looks too
  365.                                        long.
  366.  
  367.                ddddeeeelllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeerrrr____ffffaaaaccccttttoooorrrr        Extensible delimiters produced
  368.                                        with the lllleeeefffftttt and rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt
  369.                                        primitives will have a combined
  370.                                        height and depth of at least
  371.                                        this many thousandths of twice
  372.                                        the maximum amount by which the
  373.                                        sub-equation that the
  374.                                        delimiters enclose extends away
  375.                                        from the axis.
  376.  
  377.                ddddeeeelllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeerrrr____sssshhhhoooorrrrttttffffaaaallllllll     Extensible delimiters produced
  378.                                        with the lllleeeefffftttt and rrrriiiigggghhhhtttt
  379.                                        primitives will have a combined
  380.                                        height and depth not less than
  381.                                        the difference of twice the
  382.                                        maximum amount by which the
  383.                                        sub-equation that the
  384.                                        delimiters enclose extends away
  385.                                        from the axis and this amount.
  386.  
  387.                nnnnuuuullllllll____ddddeeeelllliiiimmmmiiiitttteeeerrrr____ssssppppaaaacccceeee    This much horizontal space is
  388.                                        inserted on each side of a
  389.                                        fraction.
  390.  
  391.  
  392.  
  393.      Page 6                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  394.  
  395.  
  396.  
  397.  
  398.  
  399.  
  400.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  401.  
  402.  
  403.  
  404.                ssssccccrrrriiiipppptttt____ssssppppaaaacccceeee            The width of subscripts and
  405.                                        superscripts is increased by
  406.                                        this amount.
  407.  
  408.                tttthhhhiiiinnnn____ssssppppaaaacccceeee              This amount of space is
  409.                                        automatically inserted after
  410.                                        punctuation characters.
  411.  
  412.                mmmmeeeeddddiiiiuuuummmm____ssssppppaaaacccceeee            This amount of space is
  413.                                        automatically inserted on
  414.                                        either side of binary
  415.                                        operators.
  416.  
  417.                tttthhhhiiiicccckkkk____ssssppppaaaacccceeee             This amount of space is
  418.                                        automatically inserted on
  419.                                        either side of relations.
  420.  
  421.                xxxx____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt                The height of lowercase letters
  422.                                        without ascenders such as x.
  423.  
  424.                aaaaxxxxiiiissss____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt             The height above the baseline
  425.                                        of the center of characters
  426.                                        such as + and -.  It is
  427.                                        important that this value is
  428.                                        correct for the font you are
  429.                                        using.
  430.  
  431.                ddddeeeeffffaaaauuuulllltttt____rrrruuuulllleeee____tttthhhhiiiicccckkkknnnneeeessssssss  This should set to the
  432.                                        thickness of the \\\\((((rrrruuuu
  433.                                        character, or the thickness of
  434.                                        horizontal lines produced with
  435.                                        the \\\\DDDD escape sequence.
  436.  
  437.                nnnnuuuummmm1111                    The oooovvvveeeerrrr command will shift up
  438.                                        the numerator by at least this
  439.                                        amount.
  440.  
  441.                nnnnuuuummmm2222                    The ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr command will
  442.                                        shift up the numerator by at
  443.                                        least this amount.
  444.  
  445.                ddddeeeennnnoooommmm1111                  The oooovvvveeeerrrr command will shift
  446.                                        down the denominator by at
  447.                                        least this amount.
  448.  
  449.                ddddeeeennnnoooommmm2222                  The ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr command will
  450.                                        shift down the denominator by
  451.                                        at least this amount.
  452.  
  453.                ssssuuuupppp1111                    Normally superscripts will be
  454.                                        shifted up by at least this
  455.                                        amount.
  456.  
  457.  
  458.  
  459.      Page 7                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  460.  
  461.  
  462.  
  463.  
  464.  
  465.  
  466.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  467.  
  468.  
  469.  
  470.                ssssuuuupppp2222                    Superscripts within
  471.                                        superscripts or upper limits or
  472.                                        numerators of ssssmmmmaaaalllllllloooovvvveeeerrrr
  473.                                        fractions will be shifted up by
  474.                                        at least this amount.  This is
  475.                                        usually less than sup1.
  476.  
  477.                ssssuuuupppp3333                    Superscripts within
  478.                                        denominators or square roots or
  479.                                        subscripts or lower limits will
  480.                                        be shifted up by at least this
  481.                                        amount.  This is usually less
  482.                                        than sup2.
  483.  
  484.                ssssuuuubbbb1111                    Subscripts will normally be
  485.                                        shifted down by at least this
  486.                                        amount.
  487.  
  488.                ssssuuuubbbb2222                    When there is both a subscript
  489.                                        and a superscript, the
  490.                                        subscript will be shifted down
  491.                                        by at least this amount.
  492.  
  493.                ssssuuuupppp____ddddrrrroooopppp                The baseline of a superscript
  494.                                        will be no more than this much
  495.                                        amount below the top of the
  496.                                        object on which the superscript
  497.                                        is set.
  498.  
  499.                ssssuuuubbbb____ddddrrrroooopppp                The baseline of a subscript
  500.                                        will be at least this much
  501.                                        below the bottom of the object
  502.                                        on which the subscript is set.
  503.  
  504.                bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg1111         The baseline of an upper limit
  505.                                        will be at least this much
  506.                                        above the top of the object on
  507.                                        which the limit is set.
  508.  
  509.                bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg2222         The baseline of a lower limit
  510.                                        will be at least this much
  511.                                        below the bottom of the object
  512.                                        on which the limit is set.
  513.  
  514.                bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg3333         The bottom of an upper limit
  515.                                        will be at least this much
  516.                                        above the top of the object on
  517.                                        which the limit is set.
  518.  
  519.                bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg4444         The top of a lower limit will
  520.                                        be at least this much below the
  521.                                        bottom of the object on which
  522.  
  523.  
  524.  
  525.      Page 8                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  526.  
  527.  
  528.  
  529.  
  530.  
  531.  
  532.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  533.  
  534.  
  535.  
  536.                                        the limit is set.
  537.  
  538.                bbbbiiiigggg____oooopppp____ssssppppaaaacccciiiinnnngggg5555         This much vertical space will
  539.                                        be added above and below
  540.                                        limits.
  541.  
  542.                bbbbaaaasssseeeelllliiiinnnneeee____sssseeeepppp            The baselines of the rows in a
  543.                                        pile or matrix will normally be
  544.                                        this far apart.  In most cases
  545.                                        this should be equal to the sum
  546.                                        of nnnnuuuummmm1111 and ddddeeeennnnoooommmm1111.
  547.  
  548.                sssshhhhiiiifffftttt____ddddoooowwwwnnnn              The midpoint between the top
  549.                                        baseline and the bottom
  550.                                        baseline in a matrix or pile
  551.                                        will be shifted down by this
  552.                                        much from the axis.  In most
  553.                                        cases this should be equal to
  554.                                        aaaaxxxxiiiissss____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt.
  555.  
  556.                ccccoooolllluuuummmmnnnn____sssseeeepppp              This much space will be added
  557.                                        between columns in a matrix.
  558.  
  559.                mmmmaaaattttrrrriiiixxxx____ssssiiiiddddeeee____sssseeeepppp         This much space will be added
  560.                                        at each side of a matrix.
  561.  
  562.                ddddrrrraaaawwww____lllliiiinnnneeeessss              If this is non-zero, lines will
  563.                                        be drawn using the \\\\DDDD escape
  564.                                        sequence, rather than with the
  565.                                        \\\\llll escape sequence and the \\\\((((rrrruuuu
  566.                                        character.
  567.  
  568.                bbbbooooddddyyyy____hhhheeeeiiiigggghhhhtttt             The amount by which the height
  569.                                        of the equation exceeds this
  570.                                        will be added as extra space
  571.                                        before the line containing the
  572.                                        equation (using \\\\xxxx.) The
  573.                                        default value is 85.
  574.  
  575.                bbbbooooddddyyyy____ddddeeeepppptttthhhh              The amount by which the depth
  576.                                        of the equation exceeds this
  577.                                        will be added as extra space
  578.                                        after the line containing the
  579.                                        equation (using \\\\xxxx.) The
  580.                                        default value is 35.
  581.  
  582.                nnnnrrrrooooffffffff                   If this is non-zero, then
  583.                                        nnnnddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will behave like ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee
  584.                                        and ttttddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will be ignored,
  585.                                        otherwise ttttddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will behave
  586.                                        like ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee and nnnnddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee will be
  587.                                        ignored.  The default value is
  588.  
  589.  
  590.  
  591.      Page 9                                           (printed 3/9/94)
  592.  
  593.  
  594.  
  595.  
  596.  
  597.  
  598.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  599.  
  600.  
  601.  
  602.                                        0 (This is typically changed to
  603.                                        1 by the eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc file for the
  604.                                        aaaasssscccciiiiiiii and llllaaaattttiiiinnnn1111 devices.)
  605.  
  606.                A more precise description of the role of many of these
  607.                parameters can be found in Appendix H of _T_h_e _T_E_X_b_o_o_k.
  608.  
  609.         MMMMaaaaccccrrrroooossss
  610.           Macros can take arguments.  In a macro body, $$$$_n where _n is
  611.           between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the _n-_t_h argument if
  612.           the macro is called with arguments; if there are fewer than
  613.           _n arguments, it will be replaced by nothing.  A word
  614.           containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word
  615.           before the left parenthesis has been defined using the
  616.           ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee command will be recognized as a macro call with
  617.           arguments; characters following the left parenthesis up to a
  618.           matching right parenthesis will be treated as comma-
  619.           separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not
  620.           terminate an argument.
  621.  
  622.           ssssddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee _n_a_m_e _X _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _X
  623.                This is like the ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee command, but _n_a_m_e will not be
  624.                recognized if called with arguments.
  625.  
  626.           iiiinnnncccclllluuuuddddeeee """"_f_i_l_e""""
  627.                Include the contents of _f_i_l_e.  Lines of _f_i_l_e beginning
  628.                with ....EEEEQQQQ or ....EEEENNNN will be ignored.
  629.  
  630.           iiiiffffddddeeeeffff _n_a_m_e _X _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g _X
  631.                If _n_a_m_e has been defined by ddddeeeeffffiiiinnnneeee (or has been
  632.                automatically defined because _n_a_m_e is the output
  633.                device) process _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g; otherwise ignore _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g.  _X
  634.                can be any character not appearing in _a_n_y_t_h_i_n_g.
  635.  
  636.         FFFFoooonnnnttttssss
  637.           eeeeqqqqnnnn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an
  638.           italic font for letters, and a roman font for everything
  639.           else.  The existing ggggffffoooonnnntttt command changes the font that is
  640.           used as the italic font.  By default this is IIII.  The font
  641.           that is used as the roman font can be changed using the new
  642.           ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt command.
  643.  
  644.           ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt _f
  645.                Set the roman font to _f.
  646.  
  647.           The iiiittttaaaalllliiiicccc primitive uses the current italic font set by
  648.           ggggffffoooonnnntttt; the rrrroooommmmaaaannnn primitive uses the current roman font set
  649.           by ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt.  There is also a new ggggbbbbffffoooonnnntttt command, which
  650.           changes the font used by the bbbboooolllldddd primitive.  If you only
  651.           use the rrrroooommmmaaaannnn, iiiittttaaaalllliiiicccc and bbbboooolllldddd primitives to changes fonts
  652.           within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by
  653.           your equations just by using ggggffffoooonnnntttt, ggggrrrrffffoooonnnntttt and ggggbbbbffffoooonnnntttt
  654.  
  655.  
  656.  
  657.      Page 10                                          (printed 3/9/94)
  658.  
  659.  
  660.  
  661.  
  662.  
  663.  
  664.      GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))       GGGGrrrrooooffffffff VVVVeeeerrrrssssiiiioooonnnn 1111....00009999 ((((22224444 FFFFeeeebbbbrrrruuuuaaaarrrryyyy 1111999999994444))))       GGGGEEEEQQQQNNNN((((1111))))
  665.  
  666.  
  667.  
  668.           commands.
  669.  
  670.           You can control which characters are treated as letters (and
  671.           therefore set in italics) by using the cccchhhhaaaarrrrttttyyyyppppeeee command
  672.           described above.  A type of lllleeeetttttttteeeerrrr will cause a character to
  673.           be set in italic type.  A type of ddddiiiiggggiiiitttt will cause a
  674.           character to be set in roman type.
  675.  
  676.      FFFFIIIILLLLEEEESSSS
  677.           ////uuuussssrrrr////llllooooccccaaaallll////lllliiiibbbb////ggggrrrrooooffffffff////ttttmmmmaaaacccc////eeeeqqqqnnnnrrrrcccc
  678.                Initialization file.
  679.  
  680.      BBBBUUUUGGGGSSSS
  681.           Inline equations will be set at the point size that is
  682.           current at the beginning of the input line.
  683.  
  684.      SSSSEEEEEEEE AAAALLLLSSSSOOOO
  685.           ggggrrrrooooffffffff(1), ggggttttrrrrooooffffffff(1), ggggrrrrooooffffffff____ffffoooonnnntttt(5), _T_h_e _T_E_X_b_o_o_k
  686.  
  687.  
  688.  
  689.  
  690.  
  691.  
  692.  
  693.  
  694.  
  695.  
  696.  
  697.  
  698.  
  699.  
  700.  
  701.  
  702.  
  703.  
  704.  
  705.  
  706.  
  707.  
  708.  
  709.  
  710.  
  711.  
  712.  
  713.  
  714.  
  715.  
  716.  
  717.  
  718.  
  719.  
  720.  
  721.  
  722.  
  723.      Page 11                                          (printed 3/9/94)
  724.  
  725.  
  726.  
  727.